Ivermectin: Mankhwala Atsopano a Antiparasitic

●Kodi Ndi Chiyani Ivermectin?

Ivermectin ndi semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic yochokera ku fermentation ndi kuyeretsedwa kwa Streptomyces avermitilis. Zimakhala ndi zigawo ziwiri: B1a (≥80%) ndi B1b (≤20%). Mapangidwe ake a maselo ndi C48H74O14, kulemera kwa maselo ndi 875.09, ndipo nambala ya CAS ndi 70288-86-7.

Mu 2015, omwe adatulukira William C. Campbell ndi Satoshi Omura adapambana Mphotho ya Nobel mu Physiology kapena Medicine chifukwa chothandizira polimbana ndi khungu la mtsinje ndi elephantiasis.

Thupi ndi mankhwala katundu

Katundu: woyera kapena kuwala yellow crystalline ufa, odorless;

Kusungunuka: kusungunuka mosavuta mu zosungunulira za organic monga methanol, ethanol, acetone, ndi pafupifupi osasungunuka m'madzi (kusungunuka kuli pafupifupi 4μg/mL);

Kukhazikika: Kusawonongeka kwapafupipafupi kutentha, koma kosavuta kunyowa pakuwala, kumafunika kusungidwa pamalo osindikizidwa komanso osawoneka bwino, komanso kusungirako nthawi yayitali kumafuna malo otsika a 2-8 ℃;

●Ndi ChiyaniUbwinoZa Ivermectin ?

Ivermectin imawononga dongosolo lamanjenje la parasite ndendende kudzera m'njira ziwiri:

1. Imalimbikitsa kutulutsidwa kwa inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) kuti aletse kufalikira kwa mitsempha ya mitsempha;

2. Amatsegula njira za ayoni za glutamate-gated chloride kuti apangitse hyperpolarization ndi ziwalo za minofu ya tizilomboto.

Mphamvu yake popha nematodes (monga mbozi zozungulira ndi nyongolotsi) ndi nyamakazi (monga nthata, nkhupakupa, ndi nsabwe) ndizokwera kwambiri mpaka 94% -100%, koma sizigwira ntchito motsutsana ndi nyongolotsi za tapeworms ndi flukes.

●Ndi ChiyaniKugwiritsa ntchitoOf Ivermectin?

1. Malo azanyama (kusiyanitsidwa kolondola kwa mlingo)

Ng'ombe / nkhosa: 0.2mg / kg (jekeseni wa subcutaneous kapena makonzedwe a pakamwa), amatha kuthetsa m'mimba nematodes, mapapu filaria ndi mphere pa thupi;

Nkhumba: 0.3mg/kg (jekeseni mu mnofu), kuwongolera kwa mphutsi ndi mphere ndi pafupifupi 100%;

Agalu ndi amphaka: 6-12μg/kg kuteteza ndi kuchiza nyongolotsi zamtima, 200μg/kg kupha nthata zamakutu;

Nkhuku: 200-300μg/kg (oral administration) imathandiza polimbana ndi nyongolotsi za nkhuku ndi nthata za maondo.

2. Chithandizo chamankhwala cha anthu

Ivermectinndi mankhwala ofunikira a World Health Organisation, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri:

Onchocerciasis (khungu la mtsinje): 0.15-0.2mg/kg mlingo umodzi, chilolezo cha microfilariae chimaposa 90%;

Stregostrongyloidiasis: 0.2mg/kg mlingo umodzi;

Ascaris ndi chikwapu matenda: 0.05-0.4mg/kg mankhwala yochepa.

3. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo

Monga mankhwala ophera tizilombo, amagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa nsabwe za m'mera, njenjete za diamondback, ogwetsa masamba, ndi zina zotero, ndipo zimakhala ndi zotsalira zochepa.

●Chitetezo ndi Mavuto

Ivermectinndizotetezeka kwa nyama zoyamwitsa (zovuta kulowa chotchinga magazi muubongo), koma pali contraindications:

Zotsatira zoyipa: Nthawi zina mutu, zidzolo, kuwonjezeka kwapang'onopang'ono kwa michere ya chiwindi, komanso kumwa kwambiri kungayambitse ataxia;

Kusiyana kwa kukhudzika kwa mitundu: Agalu oweta ndi agalu ena agalu amatha kukhala ndi vuto la neurotoxicity;

Kuopsa kwa uchembere: Zoyeserera zanyama zikuwonetsa kuti milingo yayikulu imakhala ndi chiopsezo cha teratogenicity (cleft palate, claw deformity).

Vuto lapadziko lonse lolimbana ndi tiziromboti likukulirakulirakulira. Kafukufuku wa 2024 adawonetsa kuti kuphatikiza kwa ivermectin ndi albendazole kumatha kukhala kothandiza polimbana ndi filariasis. Makampani ambiri opanga mankhwala padziko lonse lapansi akulimbikitsa kukweza kwaukadaulo wamankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndipo chiyero chafika 99%.

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